Publications 2024

Chotiros NP, Holm S (2024)
Modeling and simulation of underwater acoustic propagation through a random distribution of ice blocks
JASA Express Lett, 4 (3)
DOI 10.1121/10.0025395, PubMed 38517283

Gregersen I, Kong XY, Kooijman S, Foyn H, Grannes H, Olsen MB, Lone AM, Yang K, Quiles-Jiménez A, Tran M, Øgaard J, Segers FM, Rashidi A, Sagen EL, Lauritzen KH, Pronk ACM, de Boer JF, Holven KB, Melum E, Aukrust P, Taskén K, Holm S, Rensen PCN, Dahl TB, Halvorsen B (2024)
T cells with increased responsiveness cause obesity in mice without diet intervention
iScience, 27 (4), 109471
DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109471, PubMed 38551005

Kong XY, Lauritzen KH, Dahl TB, Holm S, Olsen MB, Skjelland M, Nielsen C, Michelsen AE, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Sandanger Ø (2024)
CD38 deficient mice are not protected from atherosclerosis
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 705, 149734
DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149734, PubMed 38430607

Publications 2023

Dahlberg D, Holm S, Sagen EML, Michelsen AE, Stensland M, de Souza GA, Müller EG, Connelly JP, Revheim ME, Halvorsen B, Hassel B (2023)
Bacterial Brain Abscesses Expand Despite Effective Antibiotic Treatment: A Process Powered by Osmosis Due to Neutrophil Cell Death
Neurosurgery, 94 (5), 1079-87 (in press)
DOI 10.1227/neu.0000000000002792, PubMed 38084989

Jiang X, Otterdal K, Chung BK, Maucourant C, Rønneberg JD, Zimmer CL, Øgaard J, Boichuk Y, Holm S, Geanon D, Schneditz G, Bergquist A, Björkström NK, Melum E (2023)
Cholangiocytes Modulate CD100 Expression in the Liver and Facilitate Pathogenic T-Helper 17 Cell Differentiation
Gastroenterology, 166 (4), 667-679
DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.11.283, PubMed 37995866

Svensson SF, Halldórsson S, Latysheva A, Fuster-Garcia E, Hjørnevik T, Fraser-Green J, Birkeland Bugge RA, Grinband J, Holm S, Sinkus R, Vik-Mo EO, Emblem KE (2023)
MR elastography identifies regions of extracellular matrix reorganization associated with shorter survival in glioblastoma patients
Neurooncol Adv, 5 (1), vdad021
DOI 10.1093/noajnl/vdad021, PubMed 37066109

Publications 2022

Karlsen TR, Olsen MB, Kong XY, Yang K, Quiles-Jiménez A, Kroustallaki P, Holm S, Lines GT, Aukrust P, Skarpengland T, Bjørås M, Dahl TB, Nilsen H, Gregersen I, Halvorsen B (2022)
NEIL3-deficient bone marrow displays decreased hematopoietic capacity and reduced telomere length
Biochem Biophys Rep, 29, 101211
DOI 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101211, PubMed 35079641

Publications 2021

Holm S, Kared H, Michelsen AE, Kong XY, Dahl TB, Schultz NH, Nyman TA, Fladeby C, Seljeflot I, Ueland T, Stensland M, Mjaaland S, Goll GL, Nissen-Meyer LS, Aukrust P, Skagen K, Gregersen I, Skjelland M, Holme PA, Munthe LA, Halvorsen B (2021)
Immune complexes, innate immunity, and NETosis in ChAdOx1 vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia
Eur Heart J, 42 (39), 4064-4072
DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab506, PubMed 34405870

Karlsen TR, Kong XY, Holm S, Quiles-Jiménez A, Dahl TB, Yang K, Sagen EL, Skarpengland T, S Øgaard JD, Holm K, Vestad B, Olsen MB, Aukrust P, Bjørås M, Hov JR, Halvorsen B, Gregersen I (2021)
NEIL3-deficiency increases gut permeability and contributes to a pro-atherogenic metabolic phenotype
Sci Rep, 11 (1), 19749
DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-98820-0, PubMed 34611194

Kong XY, Huse C, Yang K, Øgaard J, Berges N, Vik ES, Nawaz MS, Quiles-Jiménez A, Abbas A, Gregersen I, Holm S, Bjerkli V, Rashidi A, Fladeby C, Suganthan R, Sagen EL, Skjelland M, Lång A, Bøe SO, Bjørås M, Aukrust P, Alseth I, Halvorsen B, Dahl TB (2021)
Endonuclease V Regulates Atherosclerosis Through C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2-Mediated Monocyte Infiltration
J Am Heart Assoc, 10 (14), e020656
DOI 10.1161/JAHA.120.020656, PubMed 34259011

Quiles-Jiménez A, Gregersen I, Segers FM, Skarpengland T, Kroustallaki P, Yang K, Kong XY, Lauritzen KH, Olsen MB, Karlsen TR, Nyman TA, Sagen EL, Bjerkeli V, Suganthan R, Nygård S, Scheffler K, Prins J, Van der Veer E, Øgaard JD, Fløisand Y, Jørgensen HF, Holven KB, Biessen EA, Nilsen H, Dahl TB et al. (2021)
DNA glycosylase Neil3 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell biology during atherosclerosis development
Atherosclerosis, 324, 123-132
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.02.023, PubMed 33714552

Publications 2020

Arain F, Abraityte A, Bogdanova M, Solberg OG, Michelsen AE, Lekva T, Aakhus S, Holm S, Halvorsen B, Finsen AV, Vinge LE, Nymo S, Espeland T, Ranheim T, Aukrust P, Vaage IJ, Auensen A, Gullestad L, Ueland T (2020)
YKL-40 (Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1) Serum Levels in Aortic Stenosis
Circ Heart Fail, 13 (10), e006643
DOI 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006643, PubMed 32962417

Kong XY, Vik ES, Nawaz MS, Berges N, Dahl TB, Vågbø C, Suganthan R, Segers F, Holm S, Quiles-Jiménez A, Gregersen I, Fladeby C, Aukrust P, Bjørås M, Klungland A, Halvorsen B, Alseth I (2020)
Deletion of Endonuclease V suppresses chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma
Nucleic Acids Res, 48 (8), 4463-4479
DOI 10.1093/nar/gkaa115, PubMed 32083667

Niyonzima N, Bakke SS, Gregersen I, Holm S, Sandanger Ø, Orrem HL, Sporsheim B, Ryan L, Kong XY, Dahl TB, Skjelland M, Sørensen KK, Rokstad AM, Yndestad A, Latz E, Gullestad L, Andersen GØ, Damås JK, Aukrust P, Mollnes TE, Halvorsen B, Espevik T (2020)
Cholesterol crystals use complement to increase NLRP3 signaling pathways in coronary and carotid atherosclerosis
EBioMedicine, 60, 102985
DOI 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102985, PubMed 32927275

Quiles-Jiménez A, Gregersen I, Mittelstedt Leal de Sousa M, Abbas A, Kong XY, Alseth I, Holm S, Dahl TB, Skagen K, Skjelland M, Aukrust P, Bjørås M, Halvorsen B (2020)
N6-methyladenosine in RNA of atherosclerotic plaques: An epitranscriptomic signature of human carotid atherosclerosis
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 533 (4), 631-637
DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.057, PubMed 33004177

Yang M, Lin X, Segers F, Suganthan R, Hildrestrand GA, Rinholm JE, Aas PA, Sousa MML, Holm S, Bolstad N, Warren D, Berge RK, Johansen RF, Yndestad A, Kristiansen E, Klungland A, Luna L, Eide L, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P, Bjørås M (2020)
OXR1A, a Coactivator of PRMT5 Regulating Histone Arginine Methylation
Cell Rep, 30 (12), 4165-4178.e7
DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.063, PubMed 32209476

Publications 2019

Holm S, Oma I, Hagve TA, Saatvedt K, Brosstad F, Mikkelsen K, Rydningen H, Risnes I, Almdahl SM, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Hollan I (2019)
Levels of Lipoprotein (a) in patients with coronary artery disease with and without inflammatory rheumatic disease: a cross-sectional study
BMJ Open, 9 (5), e030651
DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030651, PubMed 31079089

Lunde NN, Gregersen I, Ueland T, Shetelig C, Holm S, Kong XY, Michelsen AE, Otterdal K, Yndestad A, Broch K, Gullestad L, Nyman TA, Bendz B, Eritsland J, Hoffmann P, Skagen K, Gonçalves I, Nilsson J, Grenegård M, Poreba M, Drag M, Seljeflot I, Sporsheim B, Espevik T, Skjelland M et al. (2019)
Legumain is upregulated in acute cardiovascular events and associated with improved outcome - potentially related to anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages
Atherosclerosis, 296, 74-82
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.12.008, PubMed 31870625

Publications 2018

Skarpengland T, Skjelland M, Kong XY, Skagen K, Holm S, Otterdal K, Dahl CP, Krohg-Sørensen K, Sagen EL, Bjerkeli V, Aamodt AH, Abbas A, Gregersen I, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Dahl TB (2018)
Increased Levels of Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 in Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
J Am Heart Assoc, 7 (2)
DOI 10.1161/JAHA.117.006479, PubMed 29330254

Publications 2017

Bermudez B, Dahl TB, Medina I, Groeneweg M, Holm S, Montserrat-de la Paz S, Rousch M, Otten J, Herias V, Varela LM, Ranheim T, Yndestad A, Ortega-Gomez A, Abia R, Nagy L, Aukrust P, Muriana FJG, Halvorsen B, Biessen EAL (2017)
Leukocyte Overexpression of Intracellular NAMPT Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Regulating PPARγ-Dependent Monocyte Differentiation and Function
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 37 (6), 1157-1167
DOI 10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308187, PubMed 28408371

Espada S, Stavik B, Holm S, Sagen EL, Bjerkeli V, Skjelland M, Dahl TB, Espevik T, Kanse S, Sandset PM, Skretting G, Halvorsen B (2017)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor attenuates ER stress-induced inflammation in human M2-polarized macrophages
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 491 (2), 442-448
DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.070, PubMed 28712870

Gregersen I, Sandanger Ø, Askevold ET, Sagen EL, Yang K, Holm S, Pedersen TM, Skjelland M, Krohg-Sørensen K, Hansen TV, Dahl TB, Otterdal K, Espevik T, Aukrust P, Yndestad A, Halvorsen B (2017)
Interleukin 27 is increased in carotid atherosclerosis and promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation
PLoS One, 12 (11), e0188387
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0188387, PubMed 29176764

Stavik B, Holm S, Espada S, Iversen N, Sporsheim B, Bjerkeli V, Dahl TB, Sandset PM, Skjelland M, Espevik T, Skretting G, Halvorsen B (2017)
Increased expression of TFPI in human carotid stenosis
Thromb Res, 155, 31-37
DOI 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.04.024, PubMed 28482260

Publications 2016

Lunde NN, Holm S, Dahl TB, Elyouncha I, Sporsheim B, Gregersen I, Abbas A, Skjelland M, Espevik T, Solberg R, Johansen HT, Halvorsen B (2016)
Increased levels of legumain in plasma and plaques from patients with carotid atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, 257, 216-223
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.026, PubMed 27940038

Otterdal K, Portillo A, Astrup E, Ludviksen J, Davì G, Holm S, Santilli F, Vitale G, Raoult D, Olano JP, Schjalm C, Halvorsen B, Oteo JA, Mollnes TE, Aukrust P, Nilsson PH (2016)
High serum CXCL10 in Rickettsia conorii infection is endothelial cell mediated subsequent to whole blood activation
Cytokine, 83, 269-274
DOI 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.05.006, PubMed 27180202

Pilely K, Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Gal P, Pál G, Halvorsen B, Holm S, Aukrust P, Bakke SS, Sporsheim B, Nervik I, Niyonzima N, Bartels ED, Stahl GL, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Garred P (2016)
Cholesterol Crystals Activate the Lectin Complement Pathway via Ficolin-2 and Mannose-Binding Lectin: Implications for the Progression of Atherosclerosis
J Immunol, 196 (12), 5064-74
DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.1502595, PubMed 27183610

Skagen K, Trøseid M, Ueland T, Holm S, Abbas A, Gregersen I, Kummen M, Bjerkeli V, Reier-Nilsen F, Russell D, Svardal A, Karlsen TH, Aukrust P, Berge RK, Hov JE, Halvorsen B, Skjelland M (2016)
The Carnitine-butyrobetaine-trimethylamine-N-oxide pathway and its association with cardiovascular mortality in patients with carotid atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, 247, 64-9
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.033, PubMed 26868510

Skarpengland T, Dahl TB, Skjelland M, Scheffler K, de Sousa MML, Gregersen I, Kuśnierczyk A, Sharma A, Slupphaug G, Eide L, Segers FM, Skagen KR, Dahl CP, Russell D, Folkersen L, Krohg-Sørensen K, Holm S, Bjørås M, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B (2016)
Enhanced base excision repair capacity in carotid atherosclerosis may protect nuclear DNA but not mitochondrial DNA
Free Radic Biol Med, 97, 386-397
DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.001, PubMed 27381496

Skarpengland T, Holm S, Scheffler K, Gregersen I, Dahl TB, Suganthan R, Segers FM, Østlie I, Otten JJ, Luna L, Ketelhuth DF, Lundberg AM, Neurauter CG, Hildrestrand G, Skjelland M, Bjørndal B, Svardal AM, Iversen PO, Hedin U, Nygård S, Olstad OK, Krohg-Sørensen K, Slupphaug G, Eide L, Kuśnierczyk A et al. (2016)
Neil3-dependent base excision repair regulates lipid metabolism and prevents atherosclerosis in Apoe-deficient mice
Sci Rep, 6, 28337
DOI 10.1038/srep28337, PubMed 27328939

Stavik B, Espada S, Cui XY, Iversen N, Holm S, Mowinkel MC, Halvorsen B, Skretting G, Sandset PM (2016)
EPAS1/HIF-2 alpha-mediated downregulation of tissue factor pathway inhibitor leads to a pro-thrombotic potential in endothelial cells
Biochim Biophys Acta, 1862 (4), 670-678
DOI 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.017, PubMed 26826018

Publications 2015

Abbas A, Gregersen I, Holm S, Daissormont I, Bjerkeli V, Krohg-Sørensen K, Skagen KR, Dahl TB, Russell D, Almås T, Bundgaard D, Alteheld LH, Rashidi A, Dahl CP, Michelsen AE, Biessen EA, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Skjelland M (2015)
Interleukin 23 levels are increased in carotid atherosclerosis: possible role for the interleukin 23/interleukin 17 axis
Stroke, 46 (3), 793-9
DOI 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006516, PubMed 25649806

Gregersen I, Holm S, Dahl TB, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P (2015)
A focus on inflammation as a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases
Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 14 (3), 391-403
DOI 10.1586/14779072.2016.1128828, PubMed 26641944

Halvorsen B, Espeland MZ, Andersen GØ, Yndestad A, Sagen EL, Rashidi A, Knudsen EC, Skjelland M, Skagen KR, Krohg-Sørensen K, Holm S, Ritschel V, Holven KB, Biessen EA, Aukrust P, Dahl TB (2015)
Increased expression of NAMPT in PBMC from patients with acute coronary syndrome and in inflammatory M1 macrophages
Atherosclerosis, 243 (1), 204-10
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.010, PubMed 26402139

Otterdal K, Haukeland JW, Yndestad A, Dahl TB, Holm S, Segers FM, Gladhaug IP, Konopski Z, Damås JK, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P (2015)
Increased Serum Levels of LIGHT/TNFSF14 in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Possible Role in Hepatic Inflammation
Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 6 (7), e95
DOI 10.1038/ctg.2015.23, PubMed 26133108

Publications 2014

Abbas A, Aukrust P, Russell D, Krohg-Sørensen K, Almås T, Bundgaard D, Bjerkeli V, Sagen EL, Michelsen AE, Dahl TB, Holm S, Ueland T, Skjelland M, Halvorsen B (2014)
Matrix metalloproteinase 7 is associated with symptomatic lesions and adverse events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis
PLoS One, 9 (1), e84935
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0084935, PubMed 24400123

Halvorsen B, Dahl TB, Smedbakken LM, Singh A, Michelsen AE, Skjelland M, Krohg-Sørensen K, Russell D, Höpken UE, Lipp M, Damås JK, Holm S, Yndestad A, Biessen EA, Aukrust P (2014)
Increased levels of CCR7 ligands in carotid atherosclerosis: different effects in macrophages and smooth muscle cells
Cardiovasc Res, 102 (1), 148-56
DOI 10.1093/cvr/cvu036, PubMed 24518141

Halvorsen B, Holm S, Yndestad A, Scholz H, Sagen EL, Nebb H, Holven KB, Dahl TB, Aukrust P (2014)
Interleukin-10 increases reverse cholesterol transport in macrophages through its bidirectional interaction with liver X receptor α
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 450 (4), 1525-30
DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.036, PubMed 25035925

Halvorsen B, Smedbakken LM, Michelsen AE, Skjelland M, Bjerkeli V, Sagen EL, Taskén K, Bendz B, Gullestad L, Holm S, Biessen EA, Aukrust P (2014)
Activated platelets promote increased monocyte expression of CXCR5 through prostaglandin E2-related mechanisms and enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of CXCL13
Atherosclerosis, 234 (2), 352-9
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.021, PubMed 24732574

Parolini C, Vik R, Busnelli M, Bjørndal B, Holm S, Brattelid T, Manzini S, Ganzetti GS, Dellera F, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P, Sirtori CR, Nordrehaug JE, Skorve J, Berge RK, Chiesa G (2014)
A salmon protein hydrolysate exerts lipid-independent anti-atherosclerotic activity in ApoE-deficient mice
PLoS One, 9 (5), e97598
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0097598, PubMed 24840793

Publications 2013

Gregersen I, Skjelland M, Holm S, Holven KB, Krogh-Sørensen K, Russell D, Askevold ET, Dahl CP, Ørn S, Gullestad L, Mollnes TE, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B (2013)
Increased systemic and local interleukin 9 levels in patients with carotid and coronary atherosclerosis
PLoS One, 8 (8), e72769
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0072769, PubMed 24023645

Vik R, Busnelli M, Parolini C, Bjørndal B, Holm S, Bohov P, Halvorsen B, Brattelid T, Manzini S, Ganzetti GS, Dellera F, Nygård OK, Aukrust P, Sirtori CR, Chiesa G, Berge RK (2013)
An immunomodulating fatty acid analogue targeting mitochondria exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect beyond plasma cholesterol-lowering activity in apoe(-/-) mice
PLoS One, 8 (12), e81963
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0081963, PubMed 24324736

Publications 2012

Abbas A, Aukrust P, Dahl TB, Bjerkeli V, Sagen EB, Michelsen A, Russell D, Krohg-Sørensen K, Holm S, Skjelland M, Halvorsen B (2012)
High levels of S100A12 are associated with recent plaque symptomatology in patients with carotid atherosclerosis
Stroke, 43 (5), 1347-53
DOI 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.642256, PubMed 22382154

Dahl TB, Bermudez B, Ranheim T, Otterdal K, Holm S, Biessen EAL, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P (2012)
Unraveling the role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase on lipids in atherosclerosis
Clin. Lipidol., 7 (6), 697-707
DOI 10.2217/CLP.12.71

Dahl TB, Holm S, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B (2012)
Visfatin/NAMPT: a multifaceted molecule with diverse roles in physiology and pathophysiology
Annu Rev Nutr, 32, 229-43
DOI 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150746, PubMed 22462624

Smedbakken LM, Halvorsen B, Daissormont I, Ranheim T, Michelsen AE, Skjelland M, Sagen EL, Folkersen L, Krohg-Sørensen K, Russell D, Holm S, Ueland T, Fevang B, Hedin U, Yndestad A, Gullestad L, Hansson GK, Biessen EA, Aukrust P (2012)
Increased levels of the homeostatic chemokine CXCL13 in human atherosclerosis - Potential role in plaque stabilization
Atherosclerosis, 224 (1), 266-73
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.071, PubMed 22840692

Publications 2011

Dahl T, Ranheim T, Holm S, Berge R, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B (2011)
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and lipid accumulation in macrophages
Eur J Clin Invest, 41 (10), 1098-104
DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02515.x, PubMed 21426336

Holm S, Ueland T, Dahl TB, Michelsen AE, Skjelland M, Russell D, Nymo SH, Krohg-Sørensen K, Clausen OP, Atar D, Januzzi JL, Aukrust P, Jensen JK, Halvorsen B (2011)
Fatty Acid binding protein 4 is associated with carotid atherosclerosis and outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke
PLoS One, 6 (12), e28785
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0028785, PubMed 22174896

Publications 2010

Holm S (2010)
Liver X receptor: physiological regulation at the crossroads of glucose andlipid metabolism
In Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Unipub, Oslo, no. 963, 1 b. (flere pag.)
BIBSYS 101287658, ISBN 978-82-8072-542-4

Holm S, Voshol PJ, Gustafsson JA, Nebb HI (2010)
LXRbeta deficient mice have reduced hepatic insulin clearance during hyperinsulinemic euglucemic clamp
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 392 (3), 436-41
DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.042, PubMed 20079709

Michelsen AE, Rathcke CN, Skjelland M, Holm S, Ranheim T, Krohg-Sørensen K, Klingvall MF, Brosstad F, Oie E, Vestergaard H, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B (2010)
Increased YKL-40 expression in patients with carotid atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, 211 (2), 589-95
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.02.035, PubMed 20347092

Publications 2009

Anthonisen EH, Berven L, Holm S, Nygård M, Nebb HI, Grønning-Wang LM (2009)
Nuclear receptor liver X receptor is O-GlcNAc-modified in response to glucose
J Biol Chem, 285 (3), 1607-15
DOI 10.1074/jbc.M109.082685, PubMed 19933273